moby dick paper :: essays research papers

In the year 1891, Herman Melville, of New York City, New York, died, disheartening a wide and various fan base that reached out over the globe. His works can be delighted in whether your 6 or 60, identifying with everybody since his books include genuine individuals with blemishes and defeat, and fundamental human feeling.      Melville was a remarkable creator, affected enormously by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne affected Melville in such a manner, it roused him to rework Moby Dick, which was later recorded to Hawthorne as a token of Melville’s profound respect for his virtuoso. The three works, Moby Dick, Billy Budd, and Benito Cyrano, all composed by Herman Melville, have one of a kind characteristics and characters that all contrast incredibly. Despite the fact that they all happen on ships adrift, you will likewise see that the hero characters, Captain Delano, Captain Benito Cereno, Captain Ahab, and Billy Budd, seem to have fundamentally the same as characteristics, all of which that are involved in each man which are qualities and shortcomings alongside want and blemishes. These unpretentious characteristics shows Melville’s signature for his unmistakable composing making for every one of these accounts to be considered among the best works of writing. In Benito Cyrano There were two heroes, Captain Delano and Captain Benito Cereno. Commander Delano clear shortcoming may have been his conduct on board the boat, The San Dominick. He end up being too well-intentioned, and approach to effectively excusing any idea of treachery. This may have likewise been his quality, for on the off chance that he had seen such designs to over toss the boat, he would have been handily murdered.      Throughout the story, a clarification appeared to be the main thing on Captain Delano mind. He was uncertain by what he saw on board the boat and couldn’t make sense of what was happening. He requested his men to board Cereno’s boat and shut down the slave’s disobedience after Cereno was safeguarded, and furthermore ensured that Babo and Atufal were put being investigated and rebuffed. The character of Amasa Delano, from the outset, appeared to be courageous, was likewise imperfect, however it was his shortcoming that spared him, the same number of characters are in Melville’s composing. Benito Cereno, commander of the San Dominick, has all the earmarks of being a powerless and temperamental, continually blacking out. He doesn't appear at all solid and appears to be dubious, at the same time, luckily, didn't freeze when drawn closer by Captain Delano and by remaining solid and keeping up his quiet; assuming a major job in sparing both their lives.

The Lorax 2

The Lorax Sequel By Georgia and Maddie â€Å"So†¦Catch! † calls the once-ler He lets something fall It’s a truffula seed It’s the last one of all You’re responsible for the remainder of the truffula seeds And truffula trees are what everybody needs Plant another truffula, treat it with care Give it clean water and feed it outside air Grow a woodland shield it from tomahawks that hack Then the lorax And the entirety of his companions May return. † So off ted went with the seed in his grasp A thought in his mind, and no avarice in his planHe left for a spot where the sky is blue With a little fix of daylight That leaves the green grass new The mists that filled the sky were a fresh white A spot where the Swomee-Swans could take off And the murmuring fish murmured in the rippulous lake While the Brown Bar-ba-plunders played And sung in the shade â€Å"Excuse me! Reason me! ‘Ted shouted out ‘I need your assistance without a solitary unc ertainty, To plant this Truffula seed to assist it with developing We can cooperate its basic you knowWe could live in harmony and figure out how to keep a harmony Between the Truffula trees yet additionally the Thneeds! I am a man of my assertion and a man of my deeds So let me help you and represent the trees! ’ Slowly yet without a doubt the earthy colored Bar-ba-plunders looked Out at this Ted that had made an uproarious squeak The murmuring fish looked as the Swomee-Swans yelled; ‘We’ll help you dear Ted plant your little Truffula seed! ’ As the Truffula tree gradually developed, More and more creatures returned tooTo help little Ted and his group Mature a woods making another world for me and you So let the word know, assemble them in We’ll live all as kinfolk In little cottages up in those truffula tufts Where thneeds are as yet made And no trees will be killed By taking those tufts a little And utilizing only shave Leaving the tufts to reest ablish In their magnificence and amazement To make an equalization that nobody can defect Up in the mists The lorax grinned The spot we made that is our most noteworthy success

5 Common Encryption Algorithms and the Unbreakables of the Future

5 Common Encryption Algorithms and the Unbreakables of the Future For the past twenty years, the Internet went from an invention to a recognized human right.That fact in and out of itself should speak about the exponential increase of its role in our lives. From being a luxurious technology, through window-to-other-worlds, to an information medium, and finally into a need-to-exist.We constantly find new ways to incorporate technology in every aspect of business, government, and human relationships. It bridges continents, brings people together, helps the environment, popularizes ideas that change the world.Users log on to read the news, learn skills, work, shop, vote, communicate and have fun.The internet houses large amounts of information and traffics a significant portion of it every day. The question of access is becoming crucial.When you live your life online, you need to protect your communication with the network.You probably largely leave your protection up to the creators of your operation system, your app, the default security protocols a nd devices you are using.Here is some news though: not every encryption method is equally reliable. Read the article to learn more about the most popular encryption methods and their relative security.THE IMPORTANCE OF ENCRYPTIONWith using more and more technologies in our lives we are generating large amounts of data, a great share of which is sensitive data. If someone else gets hold of that data you may be at risk of financial fraud or identity theft.Let us draw a parallel with real life.Let us say you are going shopping. You visit the store whenever you want, some of the staff may or may not know your name if you are a regular. You choose your products and proceed to the checkout. No one from the store can get a hold of your money until you draw out your wallet and you hand the cashier your cash. In this situation you are relatively safe.Only if you have a thief in your close vicinity, they may get a hold of your wallet. Stealing your wallet will give them access to your cash wh ich they can use with little consequence.In the digital world, you may visit the online store whenever you want, but if you have shopped there before they probably have your personal information already â€" name, address, and quite possibly your phone number. They have it regardless of whether you are logged in or you are not.If you have saved your credit card with that shop they have your financial information at all times, too (whereas when you shop in a brick and mortar store your wallet will only be at risk while you are there, shopping).Instead of your money being at risk only from people in your immediate vicinity, you are now at risk from any hacker, who has access to the network, and at all times.Encryption changes your information so that it is incomprehensible and therefore unusable to anyone who does not have the key.Let’s say someone tries to steal your personal information, your name, if it was encrypted. It would be the equivalent of going into the store and asking f or your name, but anyone who can give them your name speaks another, unknown language.If they get a hold of your digital wallet it would be the equivalent of acquiring your cash, but your banknotes are in a currency they cannot use unless they go to the exchange bureau that you own, to convert it.HOW ENCRYPTION WORKSEncryption works by manipulating a message via a rule to the point the original message is unrecognizable. The ‘rule’ is the key.Here is a very simple example of encryption:Let’s say you want to encrypt the message ‘Hello’. One rule you can use is substitute each letter with the next letter from the alphabet. Your message will then become ‘Ifmmp’. Because you are adding +1 to the alphabetical sequence, your keyword will be ‘1’. If you were substituting each letter with the letter standing 3 spaces behind it, your message would end up looking like ‘Ebiil’ and your key would be ‘-3’. If you consecutively applied both rules, your key would look lik e this ‘1-3’And while to you that change would be major and you cannot probably decipher that message immediately, when someone has an incentive to break your cypher, and they know anything about cryptography, they can get to your message in a few seconds, just by using pen and paper.What is more, there is software that will try the most popular keys (starting with 1-digit codes) to decipher your message.The point is, the more sensitive the information is, the more complex encryption is required. Especially if revealing the information bears financial risk.5 TOP ENCRYPTION ALGORITHMS(Triple) DESTriple DES or 3DES is the successor to the DES algorithm, or the Data Encryption Standard.DES is an obsolete symmetric-key method of data encryption. It was phased out because of its over-exploited vulnerabilities.Originally, DES used to be a very popular encryption method. It is a creation of the engineers in IBM, from back in 1970. In 1977 it was adopted by the government of the USA as an encryption standard â€" the Federal Information Encryption Standard. DES was used for protecting unclassified but sensitive data.It was the first algorithm approved by the federal government for public disclosure. It gained popularity fast among businesses dealing with confidential information â€" financial institutions, telecommunication companies, other software and Internet providers, etc.DES encrypts data by grouping it into blocks and encoding them simultaneously by applying the key to the entire block â€" instead of bit by bit. The blocks are always 64-bit.The key could be applied to all blocks simultaneously or another model could be used where the encryption of one block is made dependent on the result of the previous one.In DES, the same key is used to encipher and decipher the message. Decoding is nothing more than applying the same steps in reverse direction and reverse order.What is more, the key options are limited. The keys are always 64-bit, however, 8 parts of the key will be limited in variation in order to be used for key validation, which makes it an equivalent of a 56-bit key. Which means, the choice of encryptions keys is limited and therefore all information, encrypted via DES is prone to brute force attacks.Because of this serious flaw, scientists had concerns about DES being adopted as the standard even in the 1970’s. However, it remained a very popular encryption method until the late 1990’s.The progress in technology, and more specifically in processing power made it possible for a DES-encrypted message to be brute force hacked in less than 24 hours.It is important to state that some systems still rely on DES encryption only, and using those systems is to be avoided.3DES is one of the successors of DES, and the one which to the greatest extent preserves its original functionality. It was first made public in 1998 and is a simple variation of DES, where each block is encrypted via DES three times each. Triple DES uses three inde pendent keys, with three separate 56-bit DES keys, or a total of 168 bits. Because of the consecutive encryption, there is a meet-in-the-middle vulnerability, which decreases the protection to the equivalent to a 112-bit key.With its more complex way of working, the 3DES encryption method is slower.Still, the effectiveness of 3DES is considered to give enough security that it is approved to be used up until 2030.Triple DES is used for online payments, by apps in the Microsoft Office package, as well as by Mozilla’s Firefox and Thunderbird.RSAThe algorithm is named after its designers. In the 1970’s Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman: Rivest-Shamir-Adleman came up with the encryption method while working for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.In contrast to DES, RSA is asymmetric, which means the system is not using the same key for decryption and encryption. The algorithm works via generating a public and a private key. The public and private key are not identica l, but are linked to each other.There is no difference which key is used for encryption and which is used for decryption. Both the private and the public key can be used to encode the message and the opposite key will have to be applied to decode it.In fact, the difference is elsewhere: the public key, as its name suggests, can be introduced to the public, while the private key is the ‘secret‘.The high level of security RSA provides is ensured by the difficulty of factoring long strings, the product of factoring two large prime numbers.Both the private and the public keys are generated via multiplying two large numbers, creating a modulus. The modulus is used by both the public and the private key. The public key is created via the modulus, adding a public exponent, usually 65537. And the private key is created by the modulus, and a private exponent.The computational difficulty of large integers makes RSA significantly safer than DES. As explained earlier, DES works with keys, e quivalent to 56-bit, 3DES works with keys, equivalent to 112-bit, and RSA works with keys that are 1024- or 2048-bits long. Still, experts think 1024-bit keys are relatively vulnerable. The government and the IT industry recommend using 2048-bit keys only.RSA is used for SSH authentication, for SSL encryption, and for protecting sensitive data in various browsers.BlowfishBlowfish is considered an alternative to the DES and RSA encryption methods. It was designed back in 1993 by Bruce Schneier as a general-purpose algorithm, with that exact intend. The security of the cipher has been tested and proven in time.Like DES, the technology of Blowfish is symmetric, which means one private key (or just key) is used to encrypt an entire block of data. The size of the blocks is 64-bit, and he length of the key may vary from a 32-bits to a 448-bit key. A full encryption has never been broken.With the ability to use shorter keys, the Blowfish method is an alternative that is considerably faster than its two competitors. The exception is changing keys. Each change of the key requires a pre-processing, taking resources equivalent to encrypting 4KB of text.Blowfish is not patented. Its flexibility, speed and security gives it a competitive edge against its alternatives. It is can be used and explored free of charge. Therefore it is highly popular in cryptographic software.TwofishTwofish is a successor of another favorite encryption method â€" Blowfish. It is a brain-child of the same designer, Bruce Schneier, and it is another candidate to replace the Data Encryption Standard.Twofish, like its predecessor Blowfish, uses block cyphering. It symmetric, which again means the same key is used for enciphering and deciphering.   Twofish divides the message that needs encryption into 128-bit blocks and applies the key simultaneously to all blocks. The size of the block is yet another difference with Blowfish.Unlike its predecessor, Twofish only uses keys for the encryption of data of up to 256-bit. Each block’s encryption put into a complex relation to the result of the encryption of the previous block.‘The algorithm might look haphazard, but we did everything for a reason’. â€" says Bruce Schneier, the co-founder ‘Nothing is in Twofish by chance. Anything in the algorithm that we couldnt justify, we removed. The result is a lean, mean algorithm that is strong and conceptually simple.’Encoding with Twofish is popular for software and devices that have relatively low processing resources at their disposal, such as SIM cards.Brute-forcing a Twofish encrypted message is considered to be unreasonable and impractical. Meaning the efforts, resources and time the hacker would have to allocate would not be worth the end result.Twofish is considered to be fast, flexible, and at the same time, to have a conservative design.Just like Blowfish, the encryption method has not been patented and is free to use.AESThe Advanced Encryption Standard was originally nam ed Rijndael. It was designed by the Belgian cryptographers Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen back in 1998 and it is named after them.In 1997, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) opened a contest for cryptographers to come up with algorithms to substitute the so-far popular standard (DES) because of the increasing concerns of the level of protection it guarantees, with the raising level of processing power and its vulnerability from brute-force attacks due to the limited choice of encryption keys.NIST elected Rijndael as the new standard. It was declassified and was deemed ‘capable of protecting sensitive government information well into the next century’.It became popular for its easy implementation in hardware, as well as restricted environments.AES is yet another symmetric encryption algorithm. NIST’s requirements for the contest contributed to several specifics of AES. For example:Each contestant was supposed to be able to accept keys sized at 128, 192, a nd 256 bits.The algorithm was supposed to be open for public analysis and commentsIt was pre-tested for withstanding attacks. Each competitor was scored against the competition, with the security score having the heaviest weight for winning the contest.High computational and memory efficiency â€" if the algorithm was to be released as the standard it was supposed to come at low cost.Flexibility, easy implementation and simplicity.Rijndael was elected the winner and was suggested in 2000 to become the new federal government standard. Since 2002 Rijndael, Advanced Encryption Standard, became the new standard.AES is considered to be more effective than its predecessors, DES and 3DES, using a more complex algorithm and a longer key. The decryption works faster, which makes it a better alternative for a cypher in routers, firewalls, security protocols and in general any applications that use encryption.AES is similar to Twofish in the sense it is symmetric and it works with 128-bit block s. Each cypher â€" the AES-128, -192, and -256 uses respectively 128-, 192-, and 256-bit keys. Originally Rijndael could work with different block sizes and key sizes, but this flexibility was not included when it was introduced as the standard.AES works with enciphering rounds. Each round is a sequence of a number of processing steps, which could be a combination of  substitution, transposition and creating relationships between the input plaintext and output.The number of applicable rounds vary with 10 rounds applied with 128-bit keys, 12 rounds for 192-bit keys and 14 rounds for 256-bit keys.The AES encryption cipher is using table-based substitution of data by rows and columns. The substitution rule is dictated by different part of the encryption key.Ever since its recognition as the new standard, the AES has been explored for its vulnerabilities. Brute-force attacks and new techniques have been employed to discover new ways to attack the algorithm. Some attacks have been succe ssful against the more simple versions of Rijndael â€" shorter keys, fewer rounds.AES is widely accepted to be a reliable and practical. IDEA is a newer version of a previously used cipher the Proposed Encryption Standard (PES).Watch this fun video to learn more about the evolution of cryptography from simple substitution to the future of encryption quantum cryptography: HONORABLE MENTIONSIDEAThe International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) was created by Xuejia Lai and James Massey and is another symmetric encryption algorithm, first described in 1991.It uses 64-bit blocks and 128-bit keys. Like AES, IDEA uses rounds of encryption. Unlike AES, IDEA also adopts a methodology called half-rounds. Each round uses 6 16-bit sub-keys. Each of the half-rounds uses 4 sub-keys. The first 8 sub-keys are directly extracted from the encryption key, while the other 8 are created based on rotation.Because of the essence of IDEA’s schedule, it naturally generates a certain amounts if zero-ri ch keys which lead to randomly weak encryption. Those are reasonably rare, which, in practice leave the algorithm pretty safe. The probability of generating a weak key is considered to be negligibly low.Bruce Schneier, the founder of Blowfish and Twofish agrees:‘In my opinion, it is the best and most secure block algorithm available to the public at this time.’Unlike most of our 5 winners, the IDEA algorithm has been patented and has only been available for free for non-commercial rules.SHA 1Secure Hash Algorithm 1 was created in 1995 but has never been implied as a standard because its vulnerabilities became well known as early as 10 years after its creation.The NIST, the same organization that applied AES as the standard, banned using SHA 1 by federal agencies back in 2010, and no digital signature agency can use the algorithm since 2016.As far back as 2012, researchers in cryptography have taken into account the raising level and decreasing price of processing power and estim ated that one practical attack against the algorithm could cost the hackers as little as $700 thousand simply using commercial cloud computing services in 2015 and $173 thousand in 2017 which makes the attack reasonably affordable. If the incentive holds a greater potential gain than, say, $200 thousand, one could argue it is worth the effort.As Computerworld reports,’ …despite these efforts to phase out the use of SHA-1 in some areas, the algorithm is still fairly widely used to validate credit card transactions, electronic documents, email PGP/GPG signatures, open-source software repositories, backups and software updates.’CONCLUSIONAccording to the Ponemon Institute and a study, including a survey, funded by IBM, stolen data has cost the companies an average of $3.5 million in 2014, which is a 15% increase from the previous 2013.The institute recommends implementing preventative measures and to be ready for incident response and crisis management.Most often, the source of t he damage would be an insider or a malicious attack. Malicious code and sustained probes are also becoming a popular concern because of the increased number of those threats.‘Companies estimate that they will be dealing with an average of 17 malicious codes each month and 12 sustained probes each month. Unauthorized access incidents have mainly stayed the same and companies estimate they will be dealing with an average of 10 such incidents each month.’When the respondents of the survey were asked about the amount of investment they are pouring into security, the response was it costs an average of $7 million a year, even though the companies would like to increase it to $14 million a year to experience more confidence in fulfilling their strategies and mechanisms.Complex encryption is a relatively easy way to bring down the cost and minimize the damages of data breaches.

Pervasive Computing Of Smart Cameras - 951 Words

Abstract This paper presents â€Å"Pervasive Computing in Smart Cameras† depicting its various applications and techniques used in those applications. Pervasive Computing is an outrageously growing trend in everyday embedded microprocessor objects that helps to communicate information between these objects. Pervasive computing devices are connected entirely and are available relentlessly. Smart cameras are embedded systems that perform involved video content study and only account detected events as a replacement for permanently streaming videos. Visual sensor networks (VSNs) are also a type of Pervasive networks since cameras are omnipresent by being embedded into everyday life objects such as a smartphone. VSNs aim at integrating smart cameras using pervasive computing with wireless sensor networks. Due to rapid changes in the VSN’s environment, a dynamic and online reconï ¬ guration is highly needed. we introduce and evaluate a fast and distributed resource-aware reconï ¬ guration algorithm. Our approach is based on simple optimization primitives to ï ¬ nd good approximations and to keep the required data transfer in the VSN small. We analyze the communication complexity and compare the algorithm with a centralized conï ¬ guration approach based on several scenarios with different complexity. Camera sensors have higher requirements concerning communication bandwidth and computing power than those typically used in wireless sensor network applications. Accordingly, power management isShow MoreRelatedPervasive Computing Of Smart Cameras1642 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This report presents â€Å"Pervasive Computing in Smart Cameras† depicting its various applications and algorithms along with the techniques used in those applications. Pervasive Computing is an outrageously growing trend in everyday embedded microprocessor objects that helps to communicate information between these objects. Pervasive computing devices are connected entirely and are available relentlessly. Smart cameras are embedded systems that perform involved video content study and onlyRead MoreThe Cyber Security Areas For Accessing Computers Or Offices Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The following technology review is to identify the cyber security areas that must be investigated in order to incorporate Wearable Technology (WT) into future projects, such as replacing smart cards for accessing computers or offices. Since its start in 1961 (Hong, Baker, 2015), WT has been used for a variety of applications, such as managing financial transactions (Michalow, 2016) and tracking medical history (Bloss, 2015). Many of the recent applications of WT require a smartphoneRead MoreInternet Is A Global System Of Interconnected Computer Systems1169 Words   |  5 Pagesreliable and available on all the devices. This stage is not yet reached, but the growing needs for more customer-friendly, easily accessible and device-independent technology is pushing these developments. He has also expressed his views on Nomadic Computing which means that the Internet would be accessible for all devices anywhere and anytime. The Internet, at present, is accessible anywhere and anytime, but we are still to work on â€Å"all devices† being able to plug-in on the Internet. Internet was madeRead MoreA Review On Smart Home2037 Words   |  9 PagesA Review on Smart Home Approaches Anuja Patil, Prof.S.D.Sawant Abstract—The home automation is rapidly advancing area with the help of different technologies. The smart home is basically developed with the intelligent system to assist the people and provide support to fulfill the need of disabled and elderly in home. This paper describes the overview of research and associated technologies that are used in smart home system .This include the basic building block of smart home and their inter-relationshipsRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Way We Do Business?1372 Words   |  6 Pagesdevices and would be more reliable. This stage is not yet reached, but the growing need for more customer-friendly, easily accessible and need for device-independent technology is pushing these developments. He has also expressed his views on Nomadic Computing which means that the Internet would be accessible for all devices anywhere and anytime. The Internet, at present, is accessible anywhere and anytime, but we are still to work on â€Å"all devices† being able to plug-in on the Internet. Internet was madeRead MoreSocial Issues in Ubiquitous Computing Essays1969 Words   |  8 PagesEvolving toward ubiquitous computing is the next step in technology. Computers will interact more and more with the environment. The social interactions are starting to be controlled using ubiquitous devices. Users have access to more information therefore social issues become important. In order to have a better understanding about the social issues in ubiquitous computing, aspects such as privacy of the individual, use and abuse of the state and opportunities for the individual empowerment willRead MoreWearable Technology Is New Security Risks1696 Words   |  7 PagesWebsite Title: Wearable Co mputing Equals New Security Risks Author: Jeff Bertolucci URL: http://www.informationweek.com/big-data/big-data-analytics/wearable-computing-equals-new-security-risks/d/d-id/1113411 Date accessed: 6th August 2014 Content of site The article by Bertolucci illustrates the risk and challenges that are associated withRead MoreInternet of Things2156 Words   |  9 Pagesour economies and societies by bringing in remarkable communication and networking infrastructure. The world-wide web has been a major driver of global information and media sharing. From Desktop networking Internet is continuing to become more pervasive, with the advent of low cost wireless broadband connectivity, by connecting to new embedded devices and handhelds. In continuation with this trend, it is poised to emerge as an â€Å"Internet of Things† where the web will provide a medium for physicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Bertolucci s Article On The Security Risks And Challenges Associated With Wearable Technology1678 Words   |  7 Pagesissues on wearable electronics. â€Æ' Journals Title of article: Human-computer interaction in ubiquitous computing environments Author: J.H Abawajy URL (if available): Date accessed: 8th August 2014 Journal Title: International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications Year of publication: 2009 PageRead MoreSecurity Risks And Challenges Of Fitness Trackers And Health Monitors1679 Words   |  7 Pagesissues on wearable electronics. â€Æ' Journals Title of article: Human-computer interaction in ubiquitous computing environments Author: J.H Abawajy URL (if available): Date accessed: 8th August 2014 Journal Title: International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications Year of publication: 2009 Page

Women in the Illiad and the Odyssey - 1331 Words

Sarah Kirkus ENG 2423 8A March 21, 2013 Roles of Women in The Iliad and The Odyssey Homer wrote two epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey. The Iliad is a tragedy that tells about the battles of the Trojan War. The Odyssey is somewhat of a sequel, the story of Odysseus s travels home after the Trojan War. An article found in â€Å"The American Scholar† states, â€Å" One might begin by asking what both epics, The Iliad and The Odyssey, would be like if there were no women in them. The Trojan war would not have been fought, and Odysseus (assuming he had gone to Troy in the first place) would not have bothered to return home.† (Lefkowitz. 504) This statement alone illustrates the importance of the women portrayed in these two epics.†¦show more content†¦Motherly housewives are presented all throughout both epic poems. The Greek society believed that all women should be submissive to their father and husband. Females were designed for childbearing and performing household chores. Andromache was a prime example of a perfect, devout wife and mother in The Iliad. She was the wife to Hector and mother to Astyanax. She stood beside him and showed her true care and concern for him by begging him to withdraw from the war. â€Å" â€Å"She reminds him that, since Achilles has killed her father and brothers and her mother is dead too. â€Å"You are my father and mother and brother, and you are my young husband.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Lefkowitz. 507) She mourned greatly when he was killed. Penelope was the greatest example of a dedicated housewife and nurturing mother. She was the loving and devoted wife to Odysseus and the mother to Telemachus. She remained faithful to her husband for twenty years, not knowing if he was dead or alive and if he would ever return home. Penelope was required to raise her son alone, without a father. These years were difficult for Penelope. Even though her husband was sleeping with his seductress, Penelope used her inner strength and her own â€Å"s eductive ways† to not succumb to the suitors. This alone proved her loyalty to her husband. She often wept and mourned over her lostShow MoreRelated Reflective essays1316 Words   |  6 Pagesincongruity can be found throughout classical as well as modern comedy. Lysistrata involves this idea of incongruity through the play. The idea of women taking the akropolis was quite incongruent with the position of women at that time. This, along with the use of the elderly chorus of men, provides several comical scenes in Lysistrata, such as the one where the women empty the pitchers over the men’s heads. Incongruity is used throughout modern comedies such as the Naked Gun movies with Leslie Neilson. SomeRead MoreThe Trojan War : History Not Myth1545 Words   |  7 Pageshistories most legendary battles. This battle is told to have lasted ten years, resulting in the eventual collapse of Troy, under the siege of Greek forces. Modern knowledge of the Trojan War has survived ma inly through the account given in Homer’s Illiad, and while having proved to be a rich source of inspiration for other writers, artists, and even filmmakers in recent history, much speculation still exists surrounding his account. I will analyze modern interpretations of the Trojan War and examineRead MoreBeowulf: The Canonization of Anglo-Saxon Literature into Modern Popular Culture769 Words   |  4 Pagesaction and adventure stories! BEOWULF is the oldest surviving piece of English literature. Its an epic poem in the vein of The Odyssey and The Illiad, author unknown. It has been hailed as one of the masterpieces of the English language. Its EXCITING! (2). Despite eighteen preceding pages featuring Beowulf fighting monsters and saving beautiful women, Uslan assumes that the target audience of the comic book considers Anglo-Saxon subject matter boring and worse, educational. TheRead More The Role of Greek Gods and Goddesses in Ancient Times Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Greek Gods and Goddesses in Ancient Times With all of the interesting aspects of the Odyssey, I am only going to touch on one of them. The gods and goddesses in the Odyssey of all of the deities mentioned I am only going to focus on a few. The first and most powerful of these is Zeus. Then we have Hermes, the messenger god. Last but not least of these would be Athena, the goddess of warriors. Zeus, Ruler of the gods. Zeus, father of gods and of men. His power was vast as theRead MoreComparing The And The Odyssey998 Words   |  4 Pages 2. The Illiad and the Odyssey were so important to the Greeks because they were great works of literature and contained information of past events’, much like a bible or history book. It shaped their culture and what it meant to be a human being. The events of the Illiad and the Odyssey have been reflected in plays in ancient Greece and in the attitudes of many Greeks on what it meant to be a hero at that time. 3. The city-states of Ancient Greece were organized like tiny independent countriesRead MoreThe Epic Of Epic : An Epic1126 Words   |  5 PagesNostos: Nostos is the act of returning home after a long journey. An example of it can be seen in The Odyssey, a play in which the main character, Odysseus, is constantly seen with a desire to return home or portrayed with a longing for more. For instance, when he becomes stuck on Calypso’s island, he longs to return home to his wife. Polyphemos: Polyphemos is a character found in The Odyssey. Known as a man-eating giant with an orb-shaped eye in the center of his forehead, he traps OdysseusRead MoreHeroes of the Ages1130 Words   |  5 Pagesthis connection, instead lamenting the loss of his friend, as the dominant theme of his speech, and denying that Zeus’ restoration of his honor gives him any pleasure now that Patroklos is dead.† (Zanker). This is also displayed plainly within the Illiad, â€Å"Why have you come to me here, dear heart, with all these instructions? I promise you I will do everything just as you ask. But come closer. Let us give in to grief, however briefly, in each others arms.† (Homer). Speaking of the first quality,Read MoreWomen in Society in Virgil ´s Aeneid699 Words   |  3 PagesVirgil’s Aeneid was to Rome what the Illiad and Odyssey were to Greece, a long narrative that triumphantly related heroic events in an elevated style. While Virgil’s main r eason for writing The Aeneid was to foreshadow the coming of Augustus and legitimize his rule over Rome, an underlying theme in this epic is a presence of power among women. Few of Virgil’s women characters fit the common weak and passive stereotype; instead, many are quick to react, extremely emotional and very opinionated. WhileRead MoreThe Legacy and Legend of King Arthur and Heroes of Epic Poems: A Comparative Analysis734 Words   |  3 Pagescircumstances that were significantly different than that of the heroes of epic poems. One of the key principles of being heroic is to personify a selflessness and a love for ones people. This proclivity came from a number of epic poems, including the Illiad, which details the adventures of Achilles. It was only after Achilles found out about the murder of his best friend, Patroclus, that he was moved to return to battle to avenge his friends death against Hector (Homer). Similarly, Arthur conducts mostRead MoreOdysseus : A Hero s Journey2024 Words   |  9 Pageswhether or not The Odyssey implements the Hero’s Journey. Odysseus’s journey starts out when he is ordered to partake in the Trojan War. Odysseus has to leave everything behind in Ithaca to help the entire Greek Army sack the beach fortress, Troy. Once at Troy, he fights for 10 years eventually winning the war with his cunning plan to build a horse for the Trojans as a gift, then jumping out of the horse at night time to sack the city. This is where The Iliad stops and The Odyssey begins. Odyss eus

How to Be a Defensive Driver Free Essays

How to Be a Defensive Driver Most of Americans carry on a DL (Driver License) with them. They know it is mandatory to have a driver license since they drive to work or to school every day; however, that is without mentioning the people that someone else takes to such places. When someone requests a DL, that person goes through a process of practice and examination in order to be able to have one. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Be a Defensive Driver or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of them pass the examinations and practices, and they become a licensed driver for the State they reside in. Obviously, a good driver is not the one that has received a driver license, but the one that drives defensively. These strategies can only be learned in several stages. Precaution is one of the most important strategies to consider when driving a motor vehicle. When a driver operates his or her vehicle on freeways and highways, there are some precautions that need to be performed. Looking in the sides-mirror is very important since the driver needs to be alert of any strange movements of other vehicles. No one knows when others are driving under the influences of drugs or alcohol, or both. Also, paying attention to the traffic is very important. All drivers need to know how the traffic flows in order to consider the speed of the vehicle. Being alert on the road is the important key because other vehicles can also hit the brakes unexpectedly in seconds without the other driver noticing it. Distractions can be a challenge for a motor vehicle driver. Each driver is surrounded by many distractions, and these can be found inside the car or outside of it. While monitoring a motor vehicle, a driver is challenged with today’s electronic devices and technology. Today, cell phones play a big part in a driver’s distractions since they have been improved. The availability of internet on Smart Phones is one example of it, and most Americans own these devices. This distraction can be really dangerous since it encourages the driver to use the Social Medias frequently. Drivers need to ignore cell phones at all time during operation and concentrate on the road. Moreover, manipulating the radio and changing stations back and forth to find the one preferred can also be quite dangerous since the driver has his eyes concentrated on the radio display. Driver must maintain concentration and avoid distractions as much as they possibly can. One more example of some driver’s distraction can be â€Å"kids†. Children, especially when they are young and immature, can get restless in the back seats which can cause the driver to turn around to see what they need. As a result, the driver loses concentration, and the situation can be seriously risky. In other words, kids can exasperate the driver and keep him distracted from the task behind the wheel. Even though there are so many distractions, there always will be a solution to avoid them in order to be a defensive driver. Sitting on the seats of a vehicle, starting the engine, and pressing the gas can be an essay way to call someone a driver, but when it comes to the situation when a driver needs to demonstrate some of the skills that he or she has learned, most of those drivers out there can’t show any. A real driver is the one who takes the process seriously to archive the goals of a defensive driver. However, to be on the list of the real drivers only take to know some simple strategies that can be learned and comprehended step by step. Precaution and avoiding distractions are part of how to be a defensive driver, but also experiences in monitoring a vehicle is important to consider. How to cite How to Be a Defensive Driver, Essay examples

Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments Essay Example

Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments Essay When the topic of pollution comes about, most people usually attribute it to air pollution. Air pollution is usually the first thing people think of because it is the highly debated form of pollution that occurs in most urban settings. What some people may not realize is that it is only one form of pollution that takes place. Pollution also exists in soil, water, light and noise. While these topics are known, some are not as readily discussed as much as the others. Noise pollution is often a topic not mentioned though is a problem in a lot of cities in the world. Through many years, many cities have seen the problem and have either added to it or made solutions to contain or reduce it. Noise pollution, while not always the most prevalent form of pollution discussed, is an important factor in the sustainability of a city and its citizens. In order to begin to discuss how noise pollution is important to the city it has to be defined. The definition of the word â€Å"noise† according to the Merrian-Webster’s dictionary is â€Å"any sound that is undesired or interferes with ones hearing of something. So for something to be polluted of noise is for it to be disturbed by sounds from someone or something. You can attribute the phrase â€Å"noise pollution† to just about anything. If you are in a crowded room with everyone talking, the room is being polluted by noise. This same concept comes when you are defining noise pollution to a city. What in a city causes it to be surrounded by noise? In reality, almost everything in a ci ty in one way or another contributes to noise pollution. Around the world, most major cities have tried their best to add all the things that most other major cities have and sustain it as best as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Things like public transportation, land usage, businesses, and highways are just certain factors that are made to create a city into a striving place that can prosper and be a model to other areas of interest. All these things bring the problem that most major cities face, including noise pollution. So what are the biggest factors that contribute to air pollution? The biggest contributors are when cities are nearby highways with traffic, airports, railroads, manufacturing plants or factories, areas of construction or destruction and even things like open concert venues Mayntz). Most cities have these structures centralized in their areas or very close to the area. Something these parts of the city have in common is amount of noise they produce. Vehicles in highways are making noise while they drive, planes with huge engines leaving and entering airports have high rates of sound, construction and destruction is noisy, trains are loud, factories usually have some noise from machinery a nd concerts are meant to play loud music. All these factors combined create in themselves a single loud noise that can surround their area. Though noise is a daily occurrence in most people’s lives, it is important that we see why it is a problem amongst people and a city as a whole. What some people don’t realize is that noise pollution is like air pollution and water pollution. It can have effects on the health and mental state of people living in and around cities that have issues with it. There have been many studies that have linked noise pollution with different type of health issues. Many people who live near cities that have high amounts of noise pollution often incur stress related illnesses, high blood pressure, hearing loss, sleep reduction, and even speech interference (EPA 1). Perhaps the most evident health issue that people have Noise Induced Hear Loss, or NIHL. Though many things in someone’s life can lead to a reduction in their hearing, many connections have been made toward noise pollution in cities have made the likeliness of it more prevalent (Suter 14). While noise pollution will not cause these things in everyone who lives near city or goes to one a lot in their life, the many connections made in many cities around the world to people who have some of these issues is very evident. By causing health and mental issues to the people, it then goes on to affect how a city is built and ran, or how it would have to change how it is going to stop it. The first part in how noise pollution is important to a city is on where it is created. As stated earlier, a large contributor to noise problems are highways. When creating a city that wants to be highly impacted by those who commute from places like suburbs or the countryside, there will need to be some sort of highway to get people there. That’s why most major cities have multiple highways or freeways that are nearby or even pass through them. With the amount of traffic the highways could endure, noise eventually rises. Poor planning on a city is how they maintain the noise pollution that comes from a highway. Reducing speed limits has shown to make a gradual decrease in noise. The problems that cities face when trying to reduce speeds is in more traffic congestion, which leads to poor transportation and air pollution. Many cities still seem to support the call for the end to noise pollution. Recently, many people who are living in cities near highways in Switzerland are lobbying heavily to make regulations on noise pollutions from highways stricter. They are calling for more sound-proof barriers along the highways, which is also something done to reduce noises from traffic. It is quite staggering how much people are willing to stop noise pollution at all cost. There have been many countries in Europe that have even been willing to pay more on their taxes to have their money go towards efforts that would reduce noise pollutions in their cities. In 2005, residents in urban developments near Spain were willing to pay four Euros per decibel a year to reduce noise in their neighborhoods (Viladrich-Grau 1). This not just meant highway reduction but also railroad noise and airport traffic. This leads into another problem with poor planning in cities and noise pollution: neighborhoods. Many large cities have begun to build more residential areas in the area of the downtown metropolitan areas. Housing in the area is made to cut some commuting for some people. The tradeoff can be that they must endure the noise pollution that the city can cause. Most suburbs aren’t even that safe from the causes of noise pollution. Looking at just here in Los Angeles County there are many cities that reside next to highways and railroads. There are even some that are within miles of airports, such as Bob Hope Airport in Burbank. Burbank is a city north of Los Angeles that has many residential areas and other cities with residential areas. There are many examples of areas that have these problems, especially dealing with the sounds coming from loud jets in airports. Tons of residents in the cities surrounding London’s Heathrow Airport made complaints of problems from jets, but little has still been done to change the effects from it. Road and airport noise are the biggest concerns when it comes to noise pollution. When cities begin to grow, we eventually grow into people living near or using these things every day. Cities have to deal with noise pollution no matter what. There have been some very famous cases of residents or local governments trying to fight noise pollution and the effects it has. Most new cities cannot avoid having noise problems, it is something that is almost inevitable with cities as they try to become more modernized and offer more to their citizen and those who wish to visit. In terms of vehicle noise, more has been done to reduce this in cities than other forms of noise pollution. Since most cities have to have roads and highways to be accessible, this is the number one concern to most people. Cities have begun to plan strategies to reduce noise pollution in all its form. This is called noise mitigation. Most cities have been helped in reducing noise pollution thanks to the introduction and growing popularity of the hybrid car. Though a big help, the hybrid car is still not even close to being used by most commuters. To help reduce noise on the road, places have made changes to their speed restrictions, road materials, and even technology in barriers that reduce sound. The city of Melbourne, Australia has had a very unique approach to reducing their noise pollution from highways that are close to communities near the Flemington area. The highway passing through this area is covered by a barrier made of bars. The design, while looking stylish, is made to reduce the sound made from vehicles passing through the road. The sound tube has successfully made noise from the road less heard by the people living near it. Melbourne has plans to add more noise reducing structures to their highways soon. It is plans like this that help the people living in areas around Melbourne to not worry about the effects of sound pollution. While commuter vehicles are a cause of noise pollution, so is city maintained public transportation. Many cities have made sure that routes for their bus or rail systems are following sound levels set by their governments and other programs. Dating as far back to the 1970s, computer models have allowed city public transportation authorities to plan out their routes and lines to make sure that they keep sound to lower levels (Kutz 1). The Boston Metropolitan Transportation Authority, San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit, Houston Light Rail system, and Portland’s Beaverton light rail line have used this technology to have their buses and light rails reduce their noise levels and avoid areas where it can affect people the most. Road noise is the most common of the noise most cities face. As mentioned before, there is also the problem of airlines and airports. This however is more difficult to maintain as trying to reduce noise from an aircraft requires the companies that make the jets and airplanes to drastically change the way they build their machines. It has come to a point that no company would seek to drastically renew their engines for the sake of sound. The only way that airplane noise can be reduced is by city planning, flight time regulations or residential sound proofing (Suter 22). In terms of city planning, the idea is to have the developments of your city a good distance from airports. While a central business district may not be affected as much, it should still be a good distance from areas of that sort. The main concern is residential areas as they have the more population that are permanent and therefore can be affected by the problems associated with noise pollution. If neighborhoods were able to be a good distance from airports, the effects of their sound pollution would decrease or even be nonexistent. Unfortunately as cities expand, they go into whatever area was trying to be maintained to be a cushion from airport sounds. As cities expand or are near airports, regulations to come into place to soundproof the homes in the area. Here in the United States, the government took measures into seeing that the cities and towns surrounding airports would soundproof homes and businesses. The Federal Aviation Administration began projects in 1979 to insulate buildings so that they would be able to reduce noise from nearby airports. Over many years, the program created many soundproof residential areas that made homes and buildings with things like window glazing, fireplace baffling, and caulking construction seams (ASNAA 1). Canada has also made neighboring city developments to soundproof the area if it is in certain proximity to an airport using Noise Exposure Forecast (NEF). As mentioned with the London Heathrow Airport, the problem persist as homes are too close to airport landing sites that it is almost nearly impossible for the cities to greatly decrease the noise pollution problems. What some cities don’t realize that while the noise mitigation is useful for their citizens, it is also helpful to the environment that may surround them. The term â€Å"going green† is popular now as fears of global warming and dwindling resources are a reality. What most people don’t realize is that noise pollution is also something that needs to be taken care of when â€Å"going green. † Many cities across the world have made efforts to help the environment, and what they don’t realize is that though noise pollution seems like a problem just for humans that it is also an nvironmental issue. Many groups around the world have fought for cities and even countries as a whole to maintain themselves when it comes to noise issues. Most major cities in the U. S. and other countries have groups that are dedicated to reducing the noise pollution in their area or areas close to nature. The reason why they fight for noise mitigation near nature is that just as humans are affected by noise pollution, so are animal wildlife. Studies have shown strange activity from many species of animal when presented to areas that have issues with noise pollution. The Los Angeles area has a group named Citizens Against Noise whose motto, according to their website, is â€Å"To fight all kinds of noise pollution. To educate the public about the connection between noise and stress, and how it lower the quality of life and damages both your physical and mental health. To lobby lawmakers and pressure the authorities to solve the problem of excessive noise. † The group is also dedicated to helping areas around nature to reduce their noise pollution even more. There are many more groups that have the same goal, such as Alaska’s â€Å"Quiet Rights Coalition,† British Colombia’s â€Å"Ban the Canon Initiative† and Hong Kong’s â€Å"Hush the Bus Movement. † All these groups are helping cities find the balance to make sure noise pollution doesn’t affect their lives and nature anymore. This is how everything eventually fits into how planning and sustaining a city. All types of pollution are tied into each other. Most air pollution is contributed from traffic congestion and emissions from factories and plants. These emissions from factories and plants can also cause water and soil pollution if it is close to the source. These things can also have an effect on light pollution as traffic and a building’s lights are ongoing. The one thing that these things will always seem to have in common is the characteristic of noise. When it comes to making a city run well, you have to try and keep these things nonexistent or to the lowest possible point of affecting anyone. It would seem that the dream of developers is to try to make themselves a city that can be sustainable and profitable. Cities seem to be made to centralize business, pleasure, and home. The problem with cities though is that sometimes they are planned to be something and then eventually over time becomes something else. Cities begin to grow into different areas; they can sometimes see an increase in population that may not be able to handle it and even can unforeseen events that cause distress. With noise pollution, it seems that it is something that can’t be avoided to make a city run with many things that create the issue. So as it becomes almost necessary to bring in different types of pollution, it leads the solution to be brought up by the cities itself. Just like the current situation in Switzerland, regulations for noise pollution may be passed by the government but if something else is not regulated it then something should be done about it. Luckily, citizens of cities who are affected by the issue are taking a stand and demanding that something be done to reduce the noise. They are striving to make their city more sustainable. By attempting to create some sort of noise mitigation, they help the citizens of the area and also to whatever else it could possibly be affecting, i. e. nature. That is why so many groups are active in trying to bring forth the subject of noise pollution. It is unwanted and unhealthy for many. A city that reduces this problem will be more desirable to live in or work in. With more people doing that, it creates an effective chain of work that could eventually lead to other parts of the city such as other forms of pollution and sustaining things like transportation, business, and human activity. Noise mitigation is an essential part to making a city sustainable. Cities that have been planned poorly or are crumbling to the effects of it show a lack of sustainability. Many examples have shown that some minor and major changes to structure or regulation are all that it takes to make a difference in reducing noise issues. Most people should be concerned about this issue as health and mental states are at risk. We also have to think about how it is affecting nature. Some cities have taken the initiative to try and mitigate the problem, but some who have serious issues with it have not done a thing or failed at their attempts. Though the issue may be lack of resources or funds to create projects for noise mitigation, it should still be seen as a concern as cities continue to expand and populations grow. With no sustainability with noise, the growing population and nature will be dealing with more issues than those of greenhouse gasses and violence. Works Cited: Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Act of 1979. 1979. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . CITIZENS AGAINST NOISE (C. A. N. ) Los Angeles, California. Free HOA Websites, Neighborhood Websites, Homeowners Association Websites, Condo Websites, and Community Websites Neighborhood Link. Web. 21 Apr. 2011. . Kutz, Myer. Handbook of Transportation Engineering. New York, NY [u. a. : McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. Mayntz, Melissa. Types of Pollution. Major Environmental Issues | Going Green. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. . Melbourne Planning Proposals. Melbourne: VicRoads. Web. 22 Apr. 2011. . Noise Pollution | Air and Radiation | US EPA. US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. . Open Directory Society: Issues: Environment: Noise Pollution. ODP Open Directory Project. Web. 21 Apr. 2011. . Suter, Alice H. Noise and Its Effects. Rep. Adminis trative Conference of the United States. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. . WRS | Noise Pollution Persists despite Federal Rules. World Radio Switzerland. 27 Apr. 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. . Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments Essay Example Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments Paper When the topic of pollution comes about, most people usually attribute it to air pollution. Air pollution is usually the first thing people think of because it is the highly debated form of pollution that occurs in most urban settings. What some people may not realize is that it is only one form of pollution that takes place. Pollution also exists in soil, water, light and noise. While these topics are known, some are not as readily discussed as much as the others. Noise pollution is often a topic not mentioned though is a problem in a lot of cities in the world. Through many years, many cities have seen the problem ND have either added to it or made solutions to contain or reduce it. Noise pollution, while not always the most prevalent form of pollution discussed, is an important factor in the sustainability Of a city and its citizens. In order to begin to discuss how noise pollution is important to the city it has to be defined. The definition of the word noise according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary is any sound that is undesired or interferes with ones hearing of something. So for something to be polluted of noise is for it to be disturbed by sounds from someone or something. You can tribute the phrase noise pollution to just about anything. If you are in a crowded room with everyone talking, the room is being polluted by noise. This same concept comes when you are defining noise pollution to a city. What in a city causes it to be surrounded by noise? In reality, almost everything in a city in one way or another contributes to noise p ollution. Around the world, most major cities have tried their best to add all the things that most other major cities have and sustain it as best as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution and Mitigation in Urban Developments specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Things like public transportation, land usage, businesses, and highways are gust certain factors that are made to create a city into a striving place that can prosper and be a model to other areas of interest. All these things bring the problem that most major cities face, including noise pollution. So what are the biggest factors that contribute to air pollution? The biggest contributors are when cities are nearby highways with traffic, airports, railroads, manufacturing plants or factories, areas of construction or destruction and even things like open concert venues (Mutant). Most cities have these structures centralized in their areas or very close to the area. Something Hess parts of the city have in common is amount of noise they produce. Vehicles in highways are making noise while they drive, planes with huge engines leaving and entering airports have high rates of sound, construction and destruction is noisy, trains are loud, factories usually have some noise from machinery and concerts are meant to play loud music. All these factors combined create in themselves a single loud noise that can surround their area. Though noise is a daily occurrence in most peoples lives, it is important that we see why it is a problem amongst people and a city as a whole. What some people dont realize is that noise pollution is like air pollution and water pollution. It can have effects on the health and mental state of people living in and around cities that have issues with it. There have been many studies that have linked noise pollution with different type of health issues. Many people who live near cities that have high amounts of noise pollution often incur stress related illnesses, high blood pressure, hearing loss, sleep reduction, and even speech interference (EPA 1). Perhaps the most evident health issue that people have Noise Induced Hear Loss, or NIL. Though many things in someones life can lead to a reduction in their hearing, many connections have been made toward noise pollution in cities have made the likeliness of it more prevalent (Suture 14). While noise pollution will not cause these things in everyone who lives near city or goes to one a lot in their life, the many connections made in many cities around the world to people who have some of these issues is very evident. By causing health and mental issues to the people, it then goes on to affect how a city is built and ran, or how it would have to change how it is going to stop it. The first part in how noise pollution is important to a city is on where it is created. As stated earlier, a large contributor to noise problems are highways. When creating a city that wants to be highly impacted by those who commute from places like suburbs or the countryside, there will need to be some sort of highway to get people there. Thats why most major cities have multiple highways or freeways that are nearby or even pass through them. With the amount of traffic the highways could endure, noise eventually rises. Poor planning on a city is how they maintain the noise pollution that moms from a highway. Reducing speed limits has shown to make a gradual decrease in noise. The problems that cities face when trying to reduce speeds is in more traffic congestion, which leads to poor transportation and air pollution. Many cities still seem to support the call for the end to noise pollution. Recently, many people who are living in cities near highways in Switzerland are lobbying heavily to make regulations on noise pollutions from highways stricter. They are calling for more sound-proof barriers along the highways, which is also something done to reduce noises from traffic. It is tie staggering how much people are willing to stop noise pollution at all cost. There have been many countries in Europe that have even been willing to pay more on their taxes to have their money go towards efforts that would reduce noise pollutions in their cities. In 2005, residents in urban developments near Spain were willing to pay four Euros per decibel a year to reduce nose in their neighborhoods (Baldrics-Grab 1). This not just meant highway reduction but also railroad noise and airport traffic. This leads into another problem with poor planning in cities and noise pollution: neighborhoods. Many large cities have begun to build more residential areas in the area Of the downtown metropolitan areas. Housing in the area is made to cut some commuting for some people. The tradeoff can be that they must endure the noise pollution that the city can cause. Most suburbs arent even that safe from the causes of noise pollution. Looking at just here in Los Angels County there are many cities that reside next to highways and railroads. There are even some that are within miles of airports, such as Bob Hope Airport in Burbank. Burbank is a city north of Los Angels that has many residential areas and other cities with residential areas. There are many examples of areas that have these problems, especially dealing with the sounds coming from loud jets in airports. Tons of residents in the cities surrounding Loons Weathers Airport made complaints of problems from jets, but little has still been done to change the effects from it. Road and airport noise are the biggest concerns when it comes to noise pollution. When cities begin to grow, we eventually grow into people living near or using these things every day. Cities have to deal with noise pollution no matter what. There have been some very famous cases of residents or local overspent trying to fight noise pollution and the effects it has. Most new cities cannot avoid having noise problems, it is something that is almost inevitable with cities as they try to become more modernized and offer more to their citizen and those who wish to visit. In terms of vehicle noise, more has been done to reduce this in cities than other forms of noise pollution. Since most cities have to have roads and highways to be accessible, this is the number one concern to most people. Cities have begun to plan strategies to reduce noise pollution in all its form. This is called noise mitigation. Most cities have been helped in reducing noise pollution thanks to the introduction and growing popularity of the hybrid car. Though a big help, the hybrid car is still not even close to being used by most commuters. To help reduce noise on the road, places have made changes to their speed restrictions, road materials, and even technology in barriers that reduce sound. The city of Melbourne, Australia has had a very unique approach to reducing their noise pollution from highways that are close to communities near the Bloomington area. The highway passing through this area is covered by a barrier made of ears. The design, while looking stylish, is made to reduce the sound made from vehicles passing through the road. The sound tube has successfully made noise from the road less heard by the people living near it. Melbourne has plans to add more noise reducing structures to their highways soon. It is plans like this that help the people living in areas around Melbourne to not worry about the effects of sound pollution. While commuter vehicles are a cause of noise pollution, so is city maintained public transportation. Many cities have made sure that routes for their bus or rail systems are following mound levels set by their governments and other programs. Dating as far back to the 1 sass, computer models have allowed city public transportation authorities to plan out their routes and lines to make sure that they keep sound to lower levels (Katz 1). The Boston Metropolitan Transportation Authority, San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit, Houston Light Rail system, and Parklands Beaverton light rail line have used this technology to have their buses and light rails reduce their noise levels and avoid areas where it can affect people the most. Road noise is the most common of the noise most cities face. As mentioned before, there is also the problem of airlines and airports. This however is more difficult to maintain as trying to reduce noise from an aircraft requires the companies that make the jets and airplanes to drastically change the way they build their machines. It has come to a point that no company would seek to drastically renew their engines for the sake of sound. The only way that airplane noise can be reduced is by city planning, flight time regulations or residential sound proofing (Suture 22). In terms of city planning the idea is to have the developments of your city a good distance from airports. While a central business district may not be affected as much, it should still be a good distance from areas of that sort. The main concern is residential areas as they have the more population that are permanent and therefore can be affected by the problems associated with noise pollution. If neighborhoods were able to be a good distance from airports, the effects of their sound pollution would decrease or even be nonexistent. Unfortunately as cities expand, they go into whatever area was trying to be maintained to be a cushion from airport sounds. As cities expand or are near airports, regulations to come into place to soundproof the moms in the area. Here in the united States, the government took measures into seeing that the cities and towns surrounding airports would soundproof homes and businesses. The Federal Aviation Administration began projects in 1 979 to insulate buildings so that they would be able to reduce noise from nearby airports. Over many years, the program created many soundproof residential areas that made homes and buildings with things like window glazing, fireplace baffling, and caulking construction seams (ASANA 1 Canada has also made neighboring city developments to soundproof the area f it is in certain proximity to an airport using Noise Exposure Forecast (NEFF). As mentioned with the London Weathers Airport, the problem persist as homes are too close to airport landing sites that it is almost nearly impossible for the cities to greatly decrease the noise pollution problems. What some cities dont realize that while the noise mitigation is useful for their citizens, it is also helpful to the environment that may surround them. The term going green is popular now as fears of global warming and dwindling resources are a reality. What most people dont realize is that noise pollution s also something that needs to be taken care of when going green. Many cities across the world have made efforts to help the environment, and what they dont realize is that though noise pollution seems like a problem just for humans that it is also an environmental issue. Many groups around the world have fought for cities and even countries as a whole to maintain themselves when it comes to noise issues. Most major cities in the IS. S. And other countries have groups that are dedicated to reducing the noise pollution in their area or areas close to nature. The reason why they fight for goose mitigation near nature is that just as humans are affected by noise pollution, so are animal wildlife. Studies have shown strange activity from many species of animal when presented to areas that have issues with noise pollution. The Los Angels area has a group named Citizens Against Noise whose motto, according to their website, is To fight all kinds of noise pollution. To educate the public about the connection between noise and stress, and how it lower the quality of life and damages both your physical and mental health. To lobby lawmakers and pressure the authorities to solve the problem of excessive noise. The group is also dedicated to helping areas around nature to reduce their noise pollution even more. There are many more groups that have the same goal, such as Alaskan Quiet Rights Coalition, British Colombians Ban the Canon Initiative and Hong Songs Hush the Bus Movement. All these groups are helping cities find the balance to make sure noise pollution doesnt affect their lives and nature This is how everything eventually fits into how planning and anymore. Sustaining a city. All types of pollution are tied into each other. Most air pollution is contributed from traffic congestion and emissions from factories ND plants. These emissions from factories and plants can also cause water and soil pollution if it is close to the source. These things can also have an effect on light pollution as traffic and a buildings lights are ongoing. The one thing that these things will always seem to have in common is the characteristic of noise. When it comes to making a city run well, you have to try and keep these things nonexistent or to the lowest possible point of affecting anyone. It would seem that the dream of developers is to try to make themselves a city that can be sustainable and profitable. Cities seem to e made to centralize business, pleasure, and home. The problem with cities though is that sometimes they are planned to be something and then eventually over time becomes something else. Cities begin to grow into different areas; they can sometimes see an increase in population that may not be able to handle it and even can unforeseen events that cause distress. With noise pollution, it seems that it is something that cant be avoided to make a city run with many things that create the issue. So as it becomes almost necessary to bring in different types of pollution, it leads the solution o be brought up by the cities itself. Just like the current situation in Switzerland, regulations for noise pollution may be passed by the government but if something else is not regulated it then something should be done about it. Luckily, citizens of cities who are affected by the issue are taking a stand and demanding that something be done to reduce the noise. They are striving to make their city more sustainable. By attempting to create some sort of noise mitigation, they help the citizens of the area and also to whatever else it could possibly be affecting, I. E. Nature. That is why so many roofs are active in trying to bring forth the subject of noise pollution. It is unwanted and unhealthy for many. A city that reduces this problem will be more desirable to live in or work in. With more people doing that, it creates an effective chain of work that could eventually lead to other parts of the city such as other forms of pollution and sustaining things like transportation, business, and human activity. Noise mitigation is an essential part to making a city sustainable. Cities that have been planned poorly or are crumbling to the effects of it show a lack of sustainability. Many examples eve shown that some minor and major changes to structure or regulation are all that it takes to make a difference in reducing noise issues. Most people should be concerned about this issue as health and mental states are at risk. We also have to think about how it is affecting nature. Some cities have taken the initiative to try and mitigate the problem, but some who have serious issues with it have not done a thing or failed at their attempts. Though the issue may be lack of resources or funds to create projects for noise mitigation, it should still be seen as a concern as cities continue to expand and populations grow.