Auto Exhaus essays

Auto Exhaus essays The purpose of the experiment was to understand and learn how to use Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for analyzing the content of exhaust gas, carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide, CO, is formed from burning oil, gas, coal, and wood, and is the most common air pollutant in urban areas (Peter et. al., 1999). Because its primary source is automobile emissions, carbon monoxide exposure is particularly high near heavily trafficked highways (Peter et. al., 1999). Carbon monoxide attaches to hemoglobin in the red blood cells which reduces the amount of oxygen transported to the cells. Scientific evidence indicates that exposure to carbon monoxide can reduce mental activities such as: time distortion (10-30 ppm), throbbing headache (100 ppm), vomiting and collapse (300 ppm), and coma and death (600 ppm) (Rowlen et al., 2004). This experiment was dealing with FTIR spectroscopy as a quantitative technique to determine the amounts of carbon monoxide, CO, in automobile exhaust samples. The FTIR method was chosen for this experiment, since it has given good results in analyses of gas compounds. The absorbance can be determined in all or parts of the infrared (IR) region, not only for one specific wavelength. The least concentration that can be detected with FTIR is about 0.2 ppm. The procedure for this experiment was adapted from the Carbon Monoxide in Auto Exhaust experiment.2 The instrument used for this experiment was an Avatar 360 FTIR spectrometer. To collect the exhaust samples from the cars, the evacuated metal flasks were used. Sample 1 was collected from a Toyota Tacoma from 1997 at the ground level parking lot, and sample 2 and 3 were collected from a Toyota Corolla from 1993 at the underground parking lot. The samples were collected at free idle after the car was holding at a fast idle (2500 RPM) for approximately 30 seconds. The time at whic ...

Tips on Meeting IGCSE and GCSE Equivalent Qualifications in English Literature

Tips on Meeting IGCSE and GCSE Equivalent Qualifications in English Literature Tips on Meeting IGCSE and GCSE Equivalent Qualifications in English Literature If you think (and secretly hope) that reading some novels and poems will be enough to pass the test on IGCSE or GCSE equivalent qualifications in English literature, we have to disappoint you – no, it won’t. This certificate proves that you are a holder of a certain number of skills applicable not only in the sphere of English literature but in everyday life. Let’s find out what those skills are and what they mean. So, to be fully prepared for the IGCSE or GCSE in English literature, you need to be able to: Re-Tell the Narrative or Story This is the basic skill that presupposes you are recalling and narrating the story without difficulties. Summarize You have to be capable of naming the main points of the novel or short story. It is a basic but challenging task because, if you get an assignment to write an essay-summary, sticking purely to summing up will not earn you a good grade. Tell the Story in Your Own Words Paraphrasing is the ability that is necessary not only on the English literature exam (being sometimes even harmful if abused) but in business correspondence, writing, communication, etc. Spot the Best Evidence to Support Your Argument If you don’t enforce your point with an example or important detail from the analyzed text, it will not be counted as a fully-featured argument. The examiner will call it an unsubstantiated assertion and take away some scores. Tell apart the Viewpoints Train to understand the difference of viewpoints of various characters from literature works. Determine and Analyse the Theme What is main characters motivation to behave like this, and not the other way around? What is the main theme? As long as you can detect these two things, you are on the safe side. Speak up Regarding the Plot and Analyse It What do you usually understand after reading a piece of literature writing? How do the events influence the characters’ fates? How does the author build up a plot and does it matter when it comes to the final result? Identify and Discuss the Writer’s Methods Used in Literature Works Try to find out on your own how the author so brightly depicts the scene: is it the language? Or maybe rhetoric devices? Make sure you interpret the methods correctly. Read between the Lines It is very important to be able to dig deeper and make sense of what you find there. You must connect the dots and analyse those connections. Give Your Opinion Learn to form your own, original viewpoint on the basis of what you have read because during the exam you’ll have to state it as well as support it with quotes or relevant material. Pheeeww †¦ That’s quite a list. That’s what they teach you to do during training courses because such kind of skills you can’t just read about and acquire. You have to gain them in practice. So, try hard because English literature GCSE is not the easiest subject to pass (if there is such at all).